This is a guide covering the key light.
The key light plays a vital role in the three-point lighting setup.
Knowing how to use a key light can dramatically up your photography and videography skills.
With all that being said, let’s dive in!
Table of Contents
What is Key Light?
Roughly speaking, the key light is the primary light source in a frame/shot. The key light is one of the building blocks in lighting for photographers and cinematographers alike. You can find this type of lighting in both low and bright conditions in your shot.
A solid understanding of key lights will guide you in manipulating lights to create different moods in your image.
Factors such as strength, color, and angle of light surround the definition of key light itself.
You will most likely place key lights before your subject, wrapping them in light. Keywords include low-key, medium-key, and high-key.
The key light is also a part of the three-point lighting system. Check out this visual to understand this setup:
Low keys will expose the lower tones, the medium key will show the medium tones more, while the high key will expose your high tones.
Each type of key will give a different feeling to your photos.
Read on for info about the low and high key light definition below!
You can manipulate your lighting by:
- Softening it using a diffuser or bouncing the light off your surroundings.
- Adjusting the location of your subject farther from the light to create more defined shadows.
- You can also manipulate the angle of where the light is coming from to achieve different effects.
As you can see, the key light plays an important role in photography. Let’s explore its purpose in more detail.
What is the Purpose of a Key Light?
As explained above, the key light acts as the main light source in a shot.
It’s this degree of importance that forces gaffers to accurately expose and highlight the dimensions, forms, shapes, and atmosphere of the image.
As mentioned, within key lighting, photographers will commonly use a three-point lighting setup for cinematic-style looks.
As one of the most important lighting techniques in lighting, a three-point lighting setup is a combination of the key light, fill light, and backlight.
A firm understanding of this concept will affect your capabilities to change your lighting and give you access to different moods.
Although this isn’t the only type of lighting that photographers and cinematographers use, it serves as the lighting basis.
After that, photographers mix and match the other components, such as lighting color temperature, the distance between light and subject, the angle of light, diffusions, and, lastly, the strength of light.
To sum it up, the key light orchestrates the atmosphere/mood for a shot. It works in tandem with fill light and backlight to achieve cinematic looks.
To further explore the three-point lighting system, check out this in-depth video by PJ Pantellis:
What is Low-Key Lighting?
Low-key lighting further emphasizes the harsh shadows and high contrast an image/setup might offer.
This setup brings out the deep shadows and solid blacks, making transitions between both shadows and highlights harsher.
You rarely see a lighthearted scene in a movie using this type of setup.
Although the low-key lighting does the complete opposite of the high-key, it doesn’t necessarily make a gloomy and sad photo 100% of the time.
Low-key lighting creates a dramatic and mysterious atmosphere, making it interesting and edgy.
Suspenseful scenes often feature dark tones and an abundance of shadows, which are the main characteristics of low-key lighting.
These scenes will use a minimal amount of fill light possible. The ratio between the key light and fill light will usually fall around 8:1. This ratio will result in hard lighting, which in turn makes harsh shadows (which further adds suspense/drama).
Overall, the low-key lighting will set the stage for horror, thrillers, or serious and dark drama. The best example is the movie Joker.
This 2019 masterpiece uses low-key lighting to its advantage and further emphasizes the dark, chilling atmosphere. I could get into an essay of appreciation in Joker (2019), but maybe next time.
To further explore the subject of low-key lighting, check out this in-depth video by Harv Video:
What is High-Key Lighting?
Ah, yes, high-key lighting.
Most images and movies use high-key lighting to elicit a more optimistic, light-hearted, upbeat reaction from the audience.
This setup is much softer and brighter than the low-key lighting. It incorporates a minimal amount of shadows and contrast and adds more highlights to the mix.
This light setup uses a ratio of around 1:1 (Key vs. Fill), which pretty much eliminates shadows from the scene/shot since they use soft light that envelopes the subjects in light.
In cases where the shot is done outside, they will most likely rely on the sun and clouds to achieve the diffused light. The clouds become a natural yet huge softbox to diffuse the sun’s usual hard light.
It’s difficult to do, but it’s worth the effort. Overcast weather will make the quality of the lights much softer, although it may be quite inconsistent because they are exterior shots.
Not quite reliable and dependable, which leads photographers to use controlled lighting.
To further explore the subject of high-key lighting, check out this in-depth video by Aputure:
Where is the Key Light Placed?
Key lights can be adjusted to be hard or soft, depending on your setup and how you want the end result to look.
For the most used setup (three-point lighting), the key lights are adjusted at a 30-60-degree angle.
The key light will often hit the front portion/smart side of your subject. It doesn’t have to be exactly like this, but it allows the fill light to help smoothen the look.
It can also be placed at a high or low angle to produce various effects. Usually, photographers will position the lights just above the eye line.
This is done to prevent any distortion of the subject’s features. Your natural ambient lighting will most likely come from overhead.
On the other hand, the placement of key lights at a low angle reminds me of horror movies. You know, the scenes where the subject’s face is lit from below.
How Do You Use a Key Light?
In a three-point lighting setup, you will use the three elements below:
- Key Light for the primary lighting
- Fill Light to fill the opposite part of the key light
- Finally, Backlight gives a three-dimensional feel
Lighting a scene with only key light is insufficient, usually because your background will be left in the dark.
To decrease contrast and add more illumination to the background, it is recommended to use fill lights. Fill lights will add more details lying in the background.
You can also reflect the already existing light on the surroundings as an alternative for fill lights. Reflecting light will make it appear much softer, thus decreasing the contrast.
Key light can also be passed through screens, filters, or reflectors. Even the lights that pass through objects and obstacles will add more interesting visuals to the shot.
Key lights can also be colored; they don’t have to be full white anyway. Correctly using colored keys will add more emotional depth to a scene than the usual full white key.
Color temperatures are also added to the mix. Natural lighting has different warmth depending on the sun and moon. Sunlight appears warmer, while the moon has a much cooler white.
To further explore the subject of using the key light and its positioning, check out this in-depth video by Dedo Weigert:
How Bright Should Key Light Be?
Well, it depends on the setup that you want to achieve. The key light definition is basically the main source; the brightness can be rationed for either high-key or low-key.
The general key-to-fill ratio is 2:1, which means that your key light should be at least twice the brightness of your fill light.
This ratio gives you mainstream-looking lighting for filmmaking and YouTube videos.
If you need a quick refresher on contrast ratios, check out this visual and our aperture and f-stop guides.
Avoid using a 1:1 ratio unless you are consciously aiming for the look. Otherwise, your video might look flat and lack any dimensional benefits. Try using a 1.5:1 ratio for your videos that are intended to be inviting.
Fill light intensity should be throttled around the 50-75% mark.
Marketing and commercial photographers will usually use a much higher intensity (85% and above) for a more even appearance.
Difference Between Fill Light and Key Light?
To start off the key light vs. fill light debate, I guess it’s fair to say that you can’t compare them as equal rivals. The definitions and importance are different in the beginning.
Fill light is used to lift the shadows from your frame.
It is less powerful than the key light and decreases contrast from your subject/object. Fill helps them to bring out the details that would usually be left untouched.
On the other hand, the key light is used as the main illumination source.
It comes from the smart side of the subject and sets the atmosphere of a shot before it’s affected by everything else.
Again, we can reference this visual:
From the get-go, both of these lights have different purposes. Now, let’s move on to their usage in ratios.
When setting the light intensity, the key light is prioritized over the fill lights. Since fill lights hold a more supplementary role, they are always used at a low intensity and are usually half of the intensity of key lights.
The fill light is also used in various ways that are different from your key lights. Fill lights will often use modifiers that are portable to affect the lights, either making them softer or harsher.
It becomes possible for the photographer to make a warmer light by bouncing the flash to their hands, making the light softer by reflecting it on a wall, and many other methods.
Final Remarks
To sum up key light:
- The key light is used as the main light source in cinema and photography. Its main purpose is to affect the overall mood and atmosphere of a shot.
- Low-key lighting is a setup that enforces shadows and contrasts. It makes the shot appear more serious, mysterious, and edgy. The ratio used to achieve this setup is generally an 8:1 Key to fill ratio.
- A high-key lighting setup eliminates the shadow and contrast. It makes the scene appear more lighthearted and is often used positively. The key-to-fill ratio used is usually 1:1 or 1.5:1.
- The key light is used as the main illumination source in three-point lighting. It is commonly positioned at a 30-60 degree angle overhead or over the eyes at minimum.
- Key light should be used as the main source of illumination, normally supported by fill and backlight. The intensity of light should be adjusted based on the specific needs/requests of the photographer/client.
- Basically, fill light reduces the amount of contrast and shadows (hence the name). On the contrary, the key light is the main light source (also hence the name).
Lighting is the main aspect that will make or break your composition and concept. Studying and amassing knowledge is important, but it won’t be enough if you don’t put the theories into practice.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is key light left or right?
Key light can be positioned on either the left or right side of the subject, or directly in front of them. The position of the key light depends on the desired lighting effect and the photographer’s artistic vision.
How high should key light be?
In general, a key light is often placed higher than the subject to create more flattering shadows and add dimension to the image.
Is key light warm or cool?
The color temperature of key light can vary depending on the photographer’s preference and the desired mood of the image. Key light can be warm (yellow/orange) or cool (blue/white) and is often chosen to complement the subject’s skin tone or create a specific atmosphere in the photograph.
Nate Torres, with over seven years of professional photography experience, founded Imaginated, an educational platform designed to teach photography enthusiasts. Nate Torres is also a professional portrait and headshot photographer in the Orange County and Los Angeles areas. He specializes in portraits of individuals, couples, groups and headshots. Nate Torres is also a photography writer and content creator and educates other photographers on exposure, photography composition, photography editing, photography gear, and photography business. You can find his content on his personal website, social media, and YouTube Channel, as well as on blogs such as Fstoppers, Photofocus, and SLR Lounge.
